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5G NR · O-RAN · NTN engineering blog

Hands-on articles on 5G NR PHY, O-RAN, NTN, HARQ, beam management, frame structure — by engineers who shipped the systems, for engineers building them now.

How to Master 5G NR Physical Layer in 30 Days — A Realistic Roadmap

A 30-day learning roadmap for the 5G NR physical layer. Week-by-week topic schedule, recommended TS sections, hands-on exercises, and the trap many engineers fall into.

5G NR Frame Structure Visualized — Frame, Slot, Symbol, Mini-Slot Side-by-Side

Visual guide to 5G NR frame structure — 10 ms frame, half-frames, subframes, slots across 7 numerologies, OFDM symbols, mini-slots, and TDD slot patterns side-by-side.

5G NR PHY Architecture for RAN Architects — The 1-Page Mental Model

High-level 5G NR PHY for RAN architects — layer-1 vs layer-2 boundaries, gNB-CU vs gNB-DU split, O-RAN 7-2x lower-layer split, fronthaul implications, and the design questions an architect actually needs to answer.

5G NR Throughput Calculation — Worked Example for 100 MHz @ 30 kHz

Complete worked example computing 5G NR PDSCH throughput for a 100 MHz @ 30 kHz cell — TBS calculation, layer mapping, MCS table lookup, and final Mbps. By hand, no spreadsheet.

How HARQ Soft Combining Actually Works — Chase vs Incremental Redundancy

Deep dive on how HARQ soft combining works in 5G NR — Chase combining, incremental redundancy, soft buffer management, redundancy version selection, and when each is actually used.

mmWave Beam Management — The Mental Model RF Engineers Need

A working RF engineer's mental model for mmWave beam management — SSB beam sweep, CSI-RS-based refinement, beam failure recovery, and what changes between 28 GHz and 39 GHz deployments.

n78 / 3.5 GHz Mid-Band 5G — What Operators Actually Configure

What operators actually configure on n78 (3.5 GHz mid-band 5G) — typical TDD pattern, BWP layout, MCS distributions, beam patterns, and the trade-offs between coverage and capacity.

Why 5G NR Replaced Turbo Codes with LDPC and Polar — A Deep Engineering Story

In-depth engineering story of why 3GPP replaced LTE's turbo codes with LDPC (data) and polar (control) for 5G NR — error floor behavior, complexity at higher rates, decoder parallelism, and the politics.

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